威威學長的寫作教室：句子建造 (Sentence Building)

威威學長｜英文寫作系列

Birds fly. I eat rice. She is happy.

八個字，三個完整的英文句子。再看另一個：The book on the table. 字數差不多，它卻不是句子。它只是一個名詞，沒有告訴你任何事情發生。

差別在骨架。Birds fly 有「誰」也有「做什麼」；The book on the table 只有「誰」，少了動詞，所以它還停在名詞片語的階段。英文判斷一句話成不成立，看的就是這兩個位置有沒有補齊。時間、地點、原因、方式都可以往上掛，但骨架不能缺。

骨架的五種排列

S + V：主詞 + 不及物動詞

最短的一種，一個主詞配一個動詞就結束：

• The sun rises.
• She sleeps.
• They arrived.
• It rained.

S + V + O：主詞 + 及物動詞 + 受詞

動詞後面要接一個東西，意思才完整：

• I love music.
• She reads books.
• We study English.
• He plays basketball.

S + V + C：主詞 + 連綴動詞 + 補語

連綴動詞（linking verb）不表示動作，它的工作是把主詞和後面的描述接起來。常見的有 is, am, are, was, were, seem, look, feel, taste, smell, sound, become, grow, turn。

• She is a teacher.
• The soup tastes delicious.
• He looks tired.
• The weather became cold.

S + V + O + O：主詞 + 動詞 + 間接受詞 + 直接受詞

兩個受詞，通常前面那個是人（間接受詞），後面那個是物（直接受詞）：

• She gave me a present.
• He told us a story.
• I bought my mother flowers.
• They sent him an email.

S + V + O + C：主詞 + 動詞 + 受詞 + 受詞補語

受詞後面再補一個詞，說明那個受詞變成什麼、或被叫成什麼：

• We elected him president.
• The news made her sad.
• I painted the door blue.
• They named the dog Lucky.

擴充：往骨架上掛修飾語

骨架決定句子成不成立，修飾語決定句子好不好看。同一個骨架可以一層一層加料。

加時間

• 基本句：I eat breakfast.
• 加時間：I eat breakfast at 7 o'clock.
• 再加：I eat breakfast at 7 o'clock every morning.
• 再加：I eat breakfast at 7 o'clock every morning before school.

常見的時間表達：at + 時刻（at 8 a.m., at noon, at midnight）；on + 日期與星期（on Monday, on July 4th）；in + 月／年／季節（in January, in 2025, in summer）；every + 時間（every day, every week, every month）。

加地點

• 基本句：We study English.
• 加地點：We study English in the classroom.
• 再加：We study English in the classroom at school.

in 接大地方（in Taipei, in Taiwan, in the room）；at 接小地方或特定地點（at school, at home, at the station）；on 接表面或街道（on the desk, on Main Street）。

加原因

• 基本句：She studies hard.
• 加原因：She studies hard because she wants to pass the exam.
• 用不定詞表目的：She studies hard to get good grades.
• 用 so that 子句：She studies hard so that she can enter a good university.

加方式

• 基本句：He speaks English.
• 加方式：He speaks English fluently.
• 再加：He speaks English fluently with confidence.
• 再加：He speaks English fluently with confidence in every class.

方式可以用副詞（quickly, slowly, carefully, happily）、with + 名詞（with a smile, with passion, with care）、或 by + V-ing（by practicing every day）。

連接句子

兩句短句放在一起，靠連接詞決定它們的關係。

對等連接詞：FANBOYS

用對等連接詞連接兩個獨立子句時，連接詞前面要加逗號。

從屬連接詞：把一句降級成子句

副詞子句放在句首時，後面要加逗號。

分詞構句：主詞相同時可以省一次

• 原句：She walked into the room. She saw a strange man.
• 分詞構句：Walking into the room, she saw a strange man.
• 原句：He was exhausted from work. He fell asleep immediately.
• 分詞構句：Exhausted from work, he fell asleep immediately.

關係代名詞：把一句塞進另一句

• 原句：I have a friend. She lives in Japan.
• 合併：I have a friend who lives in Japan.
• 原句：The book is interesting. I bought it yesterday.
• 合併：The book which I bought yesterday is interesting.

練習（解答接在題目後面）

句型辨識

判斷下列句子屬於哪一種句型：

1. The baby cried.
2. My father bought me a bicycle.
3. The music sounds beautiful.
4. She wrote a letter.
5. Everyone considers him a hero.

解答：1. S + V　2. S + V + O + O　3. S + V + C　4. S + V + O　5. S + V + O + C

連接句子

用適當的連接詞合併以下句子：

1. It was raining. I took an umbrella.
2. She studied very hard. She passed the exam.
3. He likes basketball. He doesn't like baseball.
4. I woke up early. I wanted to watch the sunrise.
5. The restaurant was expensive. The food was delicious.

解答：

1. Because it was raining, I took an umbrella. ／ It was raining, so I took an umbrella.
2. She studied very hard, so she passed the exam. ／ Because she studied very hard, she passed the exam.
3. He likes basketball, but he doesn't like baseball.
4. I woke up early because I wanted to watch the sunrise. ／ I woke up early so that I could watch the sunrise.
5. The restaurant was expensive, but the food was delicious. ／ Although the restaurant was expensive, the food was delicious.

逐步擴充

練習 A： 把 "I run." 一層一層加料。

→ Step 1（加時間）：I run every morning. → Step 2（加地點）：I run every morning in the park. → Step 3（加原因）：I run every morning in the park because I want to stay healthy. → Step 4（加方式）：I run every morning in the park slowly and steadily because I want to stay healthy.

練習 B： 把 "She reads books." 擴充成至少 15 字的完整句。

練習 C： 把 "They play soccer." 擴充成至少 15 字的完整句。

造句、改錯、中翻英

Exercise 1： 將 "The cat sat" 擴充為包含時間、地點和方式的句子。

Model Answer: The cat sat quietly on the windowsill every afternoon, watching the birds outside.

Exercise 2： 將 "He studies" 擴充為包含原因和方式的句子。

Model Answer: He studies diligently every night because he wants to get into a top university.

Exercise 3： 將以下兩句合併為一句："I enjoy reading. It helps me relax."

Model Answer: I enjoy reading because it helps me relax.

Exercise 4： 用分詞構句合併："She finished her homework. She went out to play."

Model Answer: Having finished her homework, she went out to play.

Exercise 5： 用關係代名詞合併："The teacher is very kind. She teaches us English."

Model Answer: The teacher who teaches us English is very kind.

Exercise 6： 用 S + V + O + C 造一個關於你朋友的句子。

Model Answer: My friends consider me a loyal companion.

Exercise 7： 用 S + V + O + O 造一個關於送禮物的句子。

Model Answer: My grandmother gave me a beautiful watch for my birthday.

Exercise 8： 用 "although" 造一個讓步子句。

Model Answer: Although the test was difficult, most students managed to pass.

Exercise 9： 用 "so...that" 造一個結果子句。

Model Answer: The movie was so exciting that I watched it twice.

Exercise 10： 用 "not only...but also" 造一個並列句。

Model Answer: She not only speaks English fluently but also writes it perfectly.

Exercise 11： 改錯 "She don't like coffee."

Correction: She doesn't like coffee.（第三人稱單數用 doesn't）

Exercise 12： 改錯 "He go to school by bus every day."

Correction: He goes to school by bus every day.（第三人稱單數加 s）

Exercise 13： 改錯 "I am agree with you."

Correction: I agree with you.（agree 是動詞，不需要 be 動詞）

Exercise 14： 改錯 "Although she was tired, but she kept working."

Correction: Although she was tired, she kept working.（although 和 but 不能同時用）

Exercise 15： 改錯 "The book who I bought is very good."

Correction: The book which I bought is very good.（事物用 which／that，不用 who）

Exercise 16： 中翻英：我每天早上六點起床去上學。

Model Answer: I get up at six every morning to go to school.

Exercise 17： 中翻英：雖然天氣很冷，我們還是去爬山了。

Model Answer: Although the weather was very cold, we still went hiking.

Exercise 18： 中翻英：他花了一整天的時間才完成這份報告。

Model Answer: It took him a whole day to finish this report.

Exercise 19： 中翻英：這是我看過最有趣的電影。

Model Answer: This is the most interesting movie I have ever seen.

Exercise 20： 中翻英：如果明天不下雨，我們就去野餐。

Model Answer: If it doesn't rain tomorrow, we will go on a picnic.

把片段補成完整句

每個至少寫出 12 個字：

1. After the rain stopped.
2. The girl with the red backpack.
3. To win the championship.
4. Running faster than everyone else.
5. Because nobody answered the phone.

解答：

1. After the rain stopped, the children went outside to play in the puddles.
2. The girl with the red backpack waved at me before she got on the school bus.
3. To win the championship, the team practiced for three hours every day.
4. Running faster than everyone else, he crossed the finish line just in time.
5. Because nobody answered the phone, I left a short message and drove home.

句子按結構分成五類

寫作時搞清楚自己在寫哪一種，會少走很多冤枉路。

簡單句（Simple Sentence）：只有一個獨立子句，主詞和動詞各一組。

• The dog barks.
• I study English.
• She smiled.

複合句（Compound Sentence）：兩個獨立子句，用對等連接詞或分號連起來。

• I study English, and my sister studies math.
• He was tired, but he kept going.
• It rained; we stayed home.

複雜句（Complex Sentence）：一個獨立子句 + 一個從屬子句。從屬子句靠 because, when, although, who, which 這類詞掛在主句上。

• I study English because I want to travel.
• The book that I bought yesterday is interesting.
• Although she was tired, she finished the homework.

複合複雜句（Compound-Complex Sentence）：兩個以上的獨立子句 + 至少一個從屬子句，長度通常偏長，適合寫論文段落。

• I study English because I want to travel, and my sister studies math because she loves numbers.

片段（Fragment）：沒有完整的主詞動詞結構，單獨出現時不算句子。這是最常見的錯。

• Because I was tired.（缺主句）
• Running in the park.（缺主詞）
• The man who lives next door.（缺動詞）

辨識方式很直接：把句子拿出來，問自己「主詞是誰？動詞是誰？」找不到，或找到的只是子句而不是能獨立成立的結構，那就是 fragment。

句子的零件

主詞（Subject）：動作的執行者，或句子的主角。可以是單純名詞（The cat）、代名詞（She / They / It）、片語（A friend of mine）、或子句（What he said）。

動詞（Verb）：動作或狀態。動作類如 run, eat, write；狀態類如 is, seems, becomes；助動詞 will, have, can 要搭配主要動詞。

受詞（Object）：動作的承受者。直接受詞：I read books. 間接受詞：He gave me a book.

修飾語（Modifier）：補充時間、地點、原因、方式、程度。形容詞：a red apple；副詞：runs quickly；片語：with great care。

補語（Complement）：說明主詞或受詞的狀態。主詞補語：She is happy. 受詞補語：They named the dog Lucky.

把這些零件想成積木：先放主詞和動詞，再依需要掛上其他零件。

從 Dog. 一路蓋到複合複雜句

句子 1（純名詞）：Dog.（這是個詞，不是句子。）

句子 2（名詞 + 動詞 → 簡單句）：Dog runs.

句子 3（加主詞細節）：My dog runs.

句子 4（加受詞 → S + V + O）：My dog catches the ball.

句子 5（加時間）：My dog catches the ball every morning.

句子 6（加地點 + 方式）：My dog catches the ball quickly in the backyard every morning.

句子 7（加原因 → because 子句）：My dog catches the ball quickly in the backyard every morning because he loves to play.

句子 8（加 although 讓步子句 → 複雜句）：Although he is old, my dog still catches the ball quickly in the backyard every morning.

句子 9（再加 when 時間子句）：Although he is old, my dog still catches the ball quickly in the backyard every morning when I throw it.

句子 10（合併兩件事 → 複合複雜句）：Although he is old, my dog still catches the ball quickly in the backyard every morning when I throw it, and my sister watches from the window.

從「Dog.」到最後一句，你用了主詞、動詞、受詞、時間副詞、地點副詞、方式副詞、because 從屬子句、although 讓步子句、when 時間子句，最後用 and 接上第二個獨立子句。整條組裝線就長這樣。

中文的「主題—評論」搬進英文會變成片段

中文很常用「主題—評論」結構：先說一個東西，再說它怎麼樣。

• 這本書，我昨天買的。（主題 + 評論）
• 蘋果很甜。（主題「蘋果」先放，評論「很甜」接後面）

這種句子在中文裡完全成立，照搬到英文就變成 fragment：

• This book, I bought yesterday.（錯：這是片段）
• The apple very sweet.（錯：缺動詞）

英文是嚴格的 SVO 語言，句子一定要有明顯的主詞和動詞，順序不能亂：

• I bought this book yesterday.
• The apple tastes sweet.

寫的時候把「主題—評論」在心裡先轉成「誰做了什麼」：主題「這本書」變成主詞 this book，評論「我昨天買的」變成動詞 I bought 加上時間 yesterday，合起來就是 I bought this book yesterday.

片段要救，只有三條路。加主詞、加動詞、加上下文：

• 片段：Running in the park. → 加主詞：I am running in the park.
• 片段：The book on the table. → 加動詞：The book is on the table.
• 片段：Because I was tired. → 加主句：Because I was tired, I went to bed early.
• 片段：Ate breakfast. → 補完：She ate breakfast before going to school.

打開你最近寫的一篇英文作文或翻譯作業，挑出裡面最短的那一句。先不要改它，只回答三個問題：主詞是誰？動詞是誰？還有什麼沒交代？

三個問題都答得出來，那句話站得住。答不出來的那一句，照今天的方式補一次：先補骨架上缺的位置，再掛時間、地點、原因、方式。補完念出聲一次，聽聽看順不順。

卡住的句子貼給我，我們一起看是哪個零件沒裝好。