威威學長的寫作教室：句子建造 (Sentence Building)

Section 1：英文句子的基本元素

1.1 五大基本句型

英文句子的核心是主詞 (Subject) + 動詞 (Verb)。在此基礎上，可以擴展出五種基本句型：

1.2 句型詳解與範例

句型 1：S + V（主詞 + 不及物動詞）

這是最簡單的英文句子，只需要一個主詞和一個動詞。

• The sun rises.
• She sleeps.
• They arrived.
• It rained.

句型 2：S + V + O（主詞 + 及物動詞 + 受詞）

動詞後面需要接受詞才能表達完整意思。

• I love music.
• She reads books.
• We study English.
• He plays basketball.

句型 3：S + V + C（主詞 + 連綴動詞 + 補語）

連綴動詞 (Linking Verb) 後面接補語，用來描述主詞。

常見連綴動詞：is, am, are, was, were, seem, look, feel, taste, smell, sound, become, grow, turn

• She is a teacher.
• The soup tastes delicious.
• He looks tired.
• The weather became cold.

句型 4：S + V + O + O（主詞 + 動詞 + 間接受詞 + 直接受詞）

兩個受詞：間接受詞（通常是人）+ 直接受詞（通常是物）。

• She gave me a present.
• He told us a story.
• I bought my mother flowers.
• They sent him an email.

句型 5：S + V + O + C（主詞 + 動詞 + 受詞 + 受詞補語）

受詞後面還有一個補語來補充說明受詞的狀態。

• We elected him president.
• The news made her sad.
• I painted the door blue.
• They named the dog Lucky.

1.3 句型辨識練習

判斷下列句子屬於哪種句型：

1. The baby cried. → _______
2. My father bought me a bicycle. → _______
3. The music sounds beautiful. → _______
4. She wrote a letter. → _______
5. Everyone considers him a hero. → _______

Section 2：擴充句子的方法

基本句型是骨架，我們可以加入各種修飾語 (Modifiers) 讓句子更豐富。

2.1 加入時間 (When)

基本句： I eat breakfast. 加時間： I eat breakfast at 7 o'clock. 再加： I eat breakfast at 7 o'clock every morning. 再加： I eat breakfast at 7 o'clock every morning before school.

常見時間表達：

• at + 時刻：at 8 a.m., at noon, at midnight
• on + 日期/星期：on Monday, on July 4th
• in + 月/年/季節：in January, in 2025, in summer
• every + 時間：every day, every week, every month

2.2 加入地點 (Where)

基本句： We study English. 加地點： We study English in the classroom. 再加： We study English in the classroom at school.

常見地點表達：

• in + 大地方：in Taipei, in Taiwan, in the room
• at + 小地方/特定地點：at school, at home, at the station
• on + 表面/街道：on the desk, on Main Street

2.3 加入原因 (Why)

基本句： She studies hard. 加原因： She studies hard because she wants to pass the exam. 其他原因表達：

• She studies hard to get good grades. (不定詞表目的)
• She studies hard so that she can enter a good university. (so that 子句)

2.4 加入方式 (How)

基本句： He speaks English. 加方式： He speaks English fluently. 再加： He speaks English fluently with confidence. 再加： He speaks English fluently with confidence in every class.

常見方式表達：

• 副詞：quickly, slowly, carefully, happily
• with + 名詞：with a smile, with passion, with care
• by + V-ing：by practicing every day

2.5 擴充練習

將以下基本句逐步擴充：

練習 A： "I run." → Step 1（加時間）：_______ → Step 2（加地點）：_______ → Step 3（加原因）：_______ → Step 4（加方式）：_______

範例答案：

• Step 1: I run every morning.
• Step 2: I run every morning in the park.
• Step 3: I run every morning in the park because I want to stay healthy.
• Step 4: I run every morning in the park slowly and steadily because I want to stay healthy.

練習 B： "She reads books." → 擴充為至少 15 字的完整句：_______

練習 C： "They play soccer." → 擴充為至少 15 字的完整句：_______

Section 3：連接句子的方法

3.1 對等連接詞 (Coordinating Conjunctions)

用 FANBOYS 來記憶七個對等連接詞：

注意： 用 對等連接詞 連接兩個 獨立子句 時，連接詞前面要加逗號。

3.2 從屬連接詞 (Subordinating Conjunctions)

用來引導副詞子句 (Adverbial Clause)：

注意： 副詞子句放在句首時，後面要加逗號。

3.3 用分詞構句連接

當兩個句子的主詞相同時，可以用分詞構句來精簡表達：

原句： She walked into the room. She saw a strange man. 分詞構句： Walking into the room, she saw a strange man.

原句： He was exhausted from work. He fell asleep immediately. 分詞構句： Exhausted from work, he fell asleep immediately.

3.4 用關係代名詞連接

關係代名詞 (Relative Pronouns) 可以把兩句話合成一句：

原句： I have a friend. She lives in Japan. 合併： I have a friend who lives in Japan.

原句： The book is interesting. I bought it yesterday. 合併： The book which I bought yesterday is interesting.

3.5 連接句子練習

用適當的連接詞合併以下句子：

1. It was raining. I took an umbrella. → _______

2. She studied very hard. She passed the exam. → _______

3. He likes basketball. He doesn't like baseball. → _______

4. I woke up early. I wanted to watch the sunrise. → _______

5. The restaurant was expensive. The food was delicious. → _______

Section 4：Sentence Construction Exercises (1-20)

Exercise 1-5：句型轉換

Exercise 1： 將 "The cat sat" 擴充為包含時間、地點和方式的句子。

Model Answer: The cat sat quietly on the windowsill every afternoon, watching the birds outside.

Exercise 2： 將 "He studies" 擴充為包含原因和方式的句子。

Model Answer: He studies diligently every night because he wants to get into a top university.

Exercise 3： 將以下兩句合併為一句："I enjoy reading. It helps me relax."

Model Answer: I enjoy reading because it helps me relax.

Exercise 4： 將以下兩句用 分詞構句 合併："She finished her homework. She went out to play."

Model Answer: Having finished her homework, she went out to play.

Exercise 5： 將以下兩句用 關係代名詞 合併："The teacher is very kind. She teaches us English."

Model Answer: The teacher who teaches us English is very kind.

Exercise 6-10：根據提示造句

Exercise 6： 用 S+V+O+C 造一個關於你的朋友的句子。

Model Answer: My friends consider me a loyal companion.

Exercise 7： 用 S+V+O+O 造一個關於送禮物的句子。

Model Answer: My grandmother gave me a beautiful watch for my birthday.

Exercise 8： 用 "although" 造一個讓步子句。

Model Answer: Although the test was difficult, most students managed to pass.

Exercise 9： 用 "so...that" 造一個結果子句。

Model Answer: The movie was so exciting that I watched it twice.

Exercise 10： 用 "not only...but also" 造一個並列句。

Model Answer: She not only speaks English fluently but also writes it perfectly.

Exercise 11-15：改錯練習

找出並改正以下句子的錯誤：

Exercise 11： "She don't like coffee."

Correction: She doesn't like coffee.（第三人稱單數用 doesn't）

Exercise 12： "He go to school by bus every day."

Correction: He goes to school by bus every day.（第三人稱單數加 s）

Exercise 13： "I am agree with you."

Correction: I agree with you.（agree 是動詞，不需要 be 動詞）

Exercise 14： "Although she was tired, but she kept working."

Correction: Although she was tired, she kept working.（although 和 but 不能同時使用）

Exercise 15： "The book who I bought is very good."

Correction: The book which I bought is very good.（事物用 which/that，不用 who）

Exercise 16-20：中翻英練習

Exercise 16： 我每天早上六點起床去上學。

Model Answer: I get up at six every morning to go to school.

Exercise 17： 雖然天氣很冷，我們還是去爬山了。

Model Answer: Although the weather was very cold, we still went hiking.

Exercise 18： 他花了一整天的時間才完成這份報告。

Model Answer: It took him a whole day to finish this report.

Exercise 19： 這是我看過最有趣的電影。

Model Answer: This is the most interesting movie I have ever seen.

Exercise 20： 如果明天不下雨，我們就去野餐。

Model Answer: If it doesn't rain tomorrow, we will go on a picnic.

Section 5：五種英文句型分類

英文句子按結構可以分成五大類。寫作時搞清楚自己在寫哪一種，會少走很多冤枉路。

1. 簡單句 (Simple Sentence) 只有一個獨立子句，主詞和動詞各一個。

• The dog barks.
• I study English.
• She smiled.

2. 複合句 (Compound Sentence) 兩個獨立子句，用對等連接詞（FANBOYS）或分號連起來。

• I study English, and my sister studies math.
• He was tired, but he kept going.
• It rained; we stayed home.

3. 複雜句 (Complex Sentence) 一個獨立子句 + 一個從屬子句。從屬子句靠 because, when, although, who, which 這類從屬連接詞或關係代名詞掛在主句上。

• I study English because I want to travel.
• The book that I bought yesterday is interesting.
• Although she was tired, she finished the homework.

4. 複合複雜句 (Compound-Complex Sentence) 兩個（或以上）獨立子句 + 至少一個從屬子句。長度通常偏長，適合拿來寫論文段落。

• I study English because I want to travel, and my sister studies math because she loves numbers.

5. 片語 / 句子碎片 (Fragment) 沒有完整的主詞-動詞結構，單獨出現時不算一個句子。寫作者最常犯的錯就是把它當成句子用。

• Because I was tired. （缺主句）
• Running in the park. （缺主詞）
• The man who lives next door. （缺動詞）

辨識方式很直接：把句子拿出來，問自己「這句話的主詞是誰？動詞是誰？」如果找不出來，或找出的部分只是子句而非獨立結構，那就是 fragment。

Section 6：句子的建造積木

把一個英文句子拆開來看，組成零件其實只有幾種。先認識它們，組裝起來會快很多。

主詞 (Subject) — 動作的執行者，或是句子的主角。

• 單純名詞：The cat
• 代名詞：She / They / It
• 片語：A friend of mine
• 子句：What he said

動詞 (Verb) — 動作或狀態。

• 動作：run, eat, write
• 狀態：is, seems, becomes
• 助動詞：will, have, can（搭配主要動詞使用）

受詞 (Object) — 動作的承受者。

• 直接受詞：I read books.
• 間接受詞：He gave me a book.

修飾語 (Modifier) — 補充時間、地點、原因、方式、程度。

• 形容詞：a red apple
• 副詞：runs quickly
• 片語：with great care

補語 (Complement) — 用來說明主詞或受詞的狀態。

• 主詞補語：She is happy.
• 受詞補語：They named the dog Lucky.

把這些零件想成樂高積木，先放主詞和動詞，再依需要掛上其他零件。

Section 7：十個句子，從零蓋起來

這裡帶你一步一步蓋十個句子。從一個名詞開始，最後到可以拿來寫段落的複雜句。

句子 1（純名詞）

• Dog. （這是個詞，不是句子。）

句子 2（名詞 + 動詞 → 簡單句）

• Dog runs.

句子 3（加主詞細節 → 簡單句變詳細）

• My dog runs.

句子 4（加受詞 → S + V + O）

• My dog catches the ball.

句子 5（加時間）

• My dog catches the ball every morning.

句子 6（加地點 + 方式 → 擴充修飾語）

• My dog catches the ball quickly in the backyard every morning.

句子 7（加原因 → 變成 because 子句）

• My dog catches the ball quickly in the backyard every morning because he loves to play.

句子 8（加 although 讓步子句 → 複雜句）

• Although he is old, my dog still catches the ball quickly in the backyard every morning.

句子 9（再加 when 時間子句）

• Although he is old, my dog still catches the ball quickly in the backyard every morning when I throw it.

句子 10（合併兩件事 → 複合複雜句）

• Although he is old, my dog still catches the ball quickly in the backyard every morning when I throw it, and my sister watches from the window.

從「Dog.」到最後一句，你用了主詞、動詞、受詞、時間副詞、地點副詞、方式副詞、because 從屬子句、although 讓步子句、when 時間子句，最後用 and 把第二個獨立子句接上。這就是英文句子的完整組裝流程。

Section 8：把片段 (Fragment) 擴成完整句子

學生最常見的問題之一，是寫到一半停了，句子只寫了一半。修法有三招：加主詞、加動詞、加上下文。

招數 1：加主詞

• 片段：Running in the park.
• 加主詞：I am running in the park.

招數 2：加動詞

• 片段：The book on the table.
• 加動詞：The book is on the table.

招數 3：加上下文（讓它變成子句或完整想法）

• 片段：Because I was tired.
• 加主句：Because I was tired, I went to bed early.

組合技：一次解決三個缺口

• 片段：Ate breakfast.
• 補完：She ate breakfast before going to school.

寫完一個句子，養成習慣問自己三個問題：

1. 誰？ （主詞）
2. 做什麼？ （動詞）
3. 補完整嗎？ （剩下的修飾語與受詞）

三個答案都找得到，這個句子就站得住。

Section 9：練習 — 把五個片段擴成完整句

試著把以下片段擴成完整句子。每個至少寫出 12 個字。

1. After the rain stopped.
2. The girl with the red backpack.
3. To win the championship.
4. Running faster than everyone else.
5. Because nobody answered the phone.

參考答案：

1. After the rain stopped, the children went outside to play in the puddles.
2. The girl with the red backpack waved at me before she got on the school bus.
3. To win the championship, the team practiced for three hours every day.
4. Running faster than everyone else, he crossed the finish line just in time.
5. Because nobody answered the phone, I left a short message and drove home.

寫完對照一下，看你的句子有沒有清楚的主詞、動詞，和完整的想法。

Section 10：中文和英文的結構差異

最後一個值得停下來想一下的點：中文和英文造句的邏輯很不一樣。

中文很常用「主題 — 評論」結構。我們會先說「這本書」，再說它怎麼樣：

• 這本書，我昨天買的。 （主題 + 評論）
• 蘋果很甜。 （主題「蘋果」先放，評論「很甜」接後面）

這種句子在中文裡完全成立，但照搬到英文會被當成片段：

• This book, I bought yesterday. （錯：這是 fragment）
• The apple very sweet. （錯：缺動詞）

英文是嚴格的 SVO（主詞 — 動詞 — 受詞）語言。句子一定要有明顯的主詞和動詞，順序不能亂：

• I bought this book yesterday.
• The apple tastes sweet.

寫英文句子時，把中文的「主題 — 評論」在心裡先轉成「誰做了什麼」：

• 主題「這本書」→ 主詞 this book
• 評論「我昨天買的」→ 動詞 I bought + 時間 yesterday
• 合併：I bought this book yesterday.

理解這個差異之後，中翻英會順很多，因為你已經知道要把「主題」變成主詞、把「評論」變成動詞和其餘部分。

Answer Key

1.3 句型辨識

1. S + V
2. S + V + O + O
3. S + V + C
4. S + V + O
5. S + V + O + C

3.5 連接句子

1. Because it was raining, I took an umbrella. / It was raining, so I took an umbrella.
2. She studied very hard, so she passed the exam. / Because she studied very hard, she passed the exam.
3. He likes basketball, but he doesn't like baseball.
4. I woke up early because I wanted to watch the sunrise. / I woke up early so that I could watch the sunrise.
5. The restaurant was expensive, but the food was delicious. / Although the restaurant was expensive, the food was delicious.

句子建造要訣

1. 先確定主詞和動詞（句子的骨架）
2. 選擇正確的句型
3. 逐步加入修飾語（時間→地點→原因→方式）
4. 注意 時態 一致
5. 檢查 主謂一致
6. 用 連接詞 把短句合成 長句
7. 每個句子只包含一個主要想法
8. 寫完問自己：主詞是誰？動詞是誰？想法完整嗎？