威威學長|流行文化英文系列
打開你最近一次的 Minecraft 存檔,回想一下你做了什麼。然後回答我三個問題。
你蓋的房子在哪裡?是在山裡面,還是在河邊?
你的礦坑挖到多深?是在基岩上面,還是在熔岩旁邊?
怪物從哪個方向衝過來?是從你後面,還是從黑暗的洞穴裡面?
你剛剛回答這些問題的時候,用的詞是「在⋯⋯裡面」、「在⋯⋯上面」、「從⋯⋯後面」,這些就是英文的介系詞片語(prepositional phrases)。你玩 Minecraft 的每一分鐘都在跟它們打交道,只是你用中文在想而已。
下面這些英文,就是把你腦中那張地圖直接貼上標籤。
你在哪裡:位置的介系詞
in:在⋯⋯裡面,被包住。
- The diamonds are in the cave.(鑽石在洞穴裡面。)
- I left my sword in the chest.(我把劍留在箱子裡面。)
- There's a spider in the mineshaft.(礦坑裡有蜘蛛。)
on:在⋯⋯上面,有接觸。
- The torch is on the wall.(火把在牆上。)
- My bed is on the top floor.(我的床在頂樓。)
- There's lava on the surface.(地表上有熔岩。)
on top of:在⋯⋯的正上方,比 on 更強調「頂端」。
- I built a house on top of the mountain.(我在山頂上蓋了一棟房子。)
- The cat is sitting on top of the furnace.(貓坐在熔爐上面。)
at:在某個位置點。不強調包不包住、有沒有接觸,就是「在那裡」。
- Meet me at the village.(在村莊碰面。)
- I'm at spawn.(我在出生點。)
under:在⋯⋯下面。上面有東西擋著,你在下面。
- The stronghold is under the village.(要塞在村莊下面。)
- I hid under the tree.(我躲在樹下。)
- Don't dig under your feet!(不要在你腳下挖!)
behind:在⋯⋯後面。
- A creeper sneaked up behind me.(苦力怕從我後面摸上來。)
- The redstone is behind the wall.(紅石在牆後面。)
between:在兩個東西之間。
- My base is between the river and the mountain.(我的基地在河跟山之間。)
- Squeeze between the blocks.(從方塊中間擠過去。)
next to:在⋯⋯旁邊。
- Put the crafting table next to the furnace.(把工作台放在熔爐旁邊。)
- I built a farm next to the river.(我在河邊蓋了一座農場。)
in front of:在⋯⋯前面。
- There's a zombie in front of the door!(門前面有殭屍!)
- I placed flowers in front of my house.(我在房子前面種了花。)
above / below:在上方/在下方,不需要接觸。這跟 on top of 不一樣,on top of 有碰到。
- The floating island is above us.(浮空島在我們上方。)
- The void is below bedrock.(虛空在基岩下方。)
把這些位置畫成一張圖,就是你遊戲裡的方位感:
浮空島 (above)
|
樹 (in front of)
|
[ 你站在這裡 ] ← 山 (behind)
|
洞穴 (under)
|
基岩 (below)
左邊:河 (next to)
右邊:村莊 (next to)
你在河跟山之間 (between)
你在村莊裡 (in the village)
你在地面上 (on the ground)
玩遊戲的時候,你的腦袋已經在建構這張圖了。你缺的只是英文標籤。
你要去哪裡:動作的介系詞
位置是靜態的,Minecraft 是動態的。你一直在移動:挖礦、跑酷、蓋建築、逃命。這些動詞後面掛的介系詞,才是你用得最多的。
into:從外面到裡面。
- I walked into the cave.(我走進洞穴。)
- The zombie fell into the lava.(殭屍掉進熔岩裡。)
- Don't look into the Enderman's eyes!(不要直視終界使者的眼睛!)
onto:上到⋯⋯上面。
- I jumped onto the roof.(我跳上屋頂。)
- The boat floated onto the shore.(船漂到岸上。)
- Climb onto the platform.(爬上平台。)
out of:從⋯⋯裡面出來。
- I walked out of the cave.(我走出洞穴。)
- The water is flowing out of the bucket.(水從水桶裡流出來。)
through:穿過。從一邊進去,從另一邊出來。
- The arrow went through the window.(箭穿過窗戶。)
- I dug through the mountain.(我挖穿了那座山。)
- We ran through the Nether portal.(我們跑過地獄傳送門。)
across:橫越,平面的移動。
- I swam across the river.(我游過那條河。)
- Walk across the bridge.(走過那座橋。)
- The village stretches across the plains.(村莊橫跨平原。)
along:沿著。
- I walked along the coast.(我沿著海岸走。)
- Follow the path along the river.(沿著河邊的小路走。)
towards / toward:朝著。
- The mobs are moving towards my base!(怪物正朝我的基地移動!)
- I headed towards the stronghold.(我朝要塞的方向走。)
away from:離開。
- Run away from the creeper!(快離開那個苦力怕!)
- Stay away from the edge!(離邊緣遠一點!)
up / down:往上/往下。
- Dig down.(往下挖。)
- Build up.(往上蓋。)
- Climb up the ladder.(爬上梯子。)
- Go down the stairs.(走下樓梯。)
around:繞著。
- Walk around the lava lake.(繞過熔岩湖。)
- Look around.(環顧四周。)
- Build a fence around the farm.(在農場周圍蓋柵欄。)
遊戲指令裡的介系詞
Minecraft 的教學、維基、指令說明,幾乎全用祈使句,直接下令,省略主詞:
- Place the block on the ground.(把方塊放在地上。)
- Mine the ore with an iron pickaxe.(用鐵鎬挖礦。)
- Craft a sword from one stick and two planks.(用一根木棍和兩塊木板合成一把劍。)
- Put the torch next to the door.(把火把放在門旁邊。)
- Dig a hole under the tree.(在樹下挖一個洞。)
- Build a wall around your house.(在你的房子周圍蓋一面牆。)
- Shoot the arrow at the target.(朝目標射箭。)
- Run away from the Wither!(快逃離凋靈!)
每一個指令都掛著介系詞:on、with、from、next to、under、around、at、away from。它們像空間的 GPS,告訴你動作發生在哪裡、用什麼方式、朝什麼方向。
英文 Minecraft 影片裡,實況主講的話也是同一個模式:
- "I'm going down into the mine."(我要下到礦坑裡。)
- "Look behind you!"(看你後面!)
- "There's a dungeon under us."(我們底下有一間地牢。)
- "I built this over the ocean."(我在海上蓋的。)
- "Let's go through the Nether to get there faster."(我們走地獄過去比較快。)
- "Stand on top of the block."(站在方塊上面。)
- "The village is just past those trees."(村莊就在那些樹過去一點。)
past 這個字比較少被提到,它的意思是「經過、越過」。The village is past those trees = 穿過那些樹就到村莊了。
介系詞 + 動名詞:連線時最常出現的句型
這塊最被課本忽略,卻是玩家聊天最自然的說法:介系詞 + 動名詞(preposition + gerund)。
- "I got the diamonds by mining at level 11."(我在第 11 層挖礦挖到的鑽石。)
- "I died after falling into lava."(我掉進熔岩之後就死了。)
- "I escaped the Wither without taking any damage."(我沒挨任何一下就逃出凋靈了。)
- "Before building the house, I cleared the area."(蓋房子之前,我先把地清掉。)
- "After dying, I respawned at my bed."(死掉之後,我在床邊重生。)
- "I found the village by following the river."(我沿著河走,才找到村莊。)
- "Instead of mining, I went exploring."(我沒去挖礦,反而去探險。)
- "I finished the game without using any cheats."(我沒開任何外掛就打完了遊戲。)
拆開來看,四個結構就這幾種:by + V-ing 表達「靠什麼方法」,after/before + V-ing 表達時間先後,without + V-ing 表達「沒做什麼」,instead of + V-ing 表達「取代」。這四個加起來,日常對話裡會一直用到。
跟朋友連線的時候,這種句型幾乎停不下來:
- "Did you get any iron by trading with villagers?"(你有沒有跟村民交易換到鐵?)
- "I lost all my stuff after dying in the void."(我掉進虛空之後東西全沒了。)
- "Let's go without bringing the wolves."(我們別帶狼去。)
- "Instead of fighting, just run."(別打,直接跑。)
這些句子很短、很快、沒有多餘的字。實況主講話沒時間想文法,他們講的就是當下冒出來的第一個句型,而那個句型,常常就是 preposition + gerund。
實況主的方向指引
英文實況主帶觀眾走地圖的時候,介系詞是他們的導航系統。一秒鐘丟五個方向,全靠介系詞片語。句子大概是這種節奏(下面是我照那個節奏寫的示範):
- "Head north from spawn, past the desert temple."
- "The portal is behind the waterfall, just past the lava pool."
- "Walk along the cliff until you see the oak forest."
- "Dig down right here, under the sand."
- "Drop down into the ravine, but watch out for the skeletons at the bottom."
- "Go through the narrow tunnel behind the bookshelf."
- "My old base is over there, across the river, next to the giant mushroom."
- "Turn left at the broken pillar, then run straight towards the mountain."
- "It's above the cave entrance, on top of that floating island."
- "Stay away from the edge — there's lava below you."
十句話裡介系詞出現二十幾次,每一個都是一個座標。實況主不講完整句子,他們講的是「方位 + 動作」的快捷指令。想在英文的遊戲圈混,這十句背起來比你背三個月文法書有用。
遊戲圈也有自己的縮寫跟黑話,跟介系詞脫不了關係:
- afk = away from keyboard(不在電腦前)
- brb = be right back(馬上回來)
- gtg = got to go(要走了)
- irl = in real life(在現實生活中)
- fyi = for your information(給你參考一下)
away from、in、for 全是介系詞。遊戲文化的英文,其實就是介系詞文化的延伸。
用五個方向帶朋友找到村莊
想像你朋友剛加入你的伺服器,什麼都不知道。你要在 Discord 用英文打字告訴他怎麼找到最近的村莊,連續五句,每句至少用一個介系詞片語。寫完再對照示範:
"Spawn at the oak forest. Head east, past the river. Walk along the dirt path until you reach the plains. The village is between two hills, just behind the large church. You'll see a bell in front of the well — that's the center."
這段用了 at、past、along、until、between、behind、in front of 八個不同的介系詞。換一個場景,這次是地獄(Nether):
"Enter the portal at coords (0, 64). Turn right after the netherrack. Walk across the soul sand valley, towards the lava ocean. The fortress is behind the basalt pillars, just past the blaze spawner. Watch out for ghasts above you."
at、after、across、towards、behind、past、for、above,同樣密密麻麻。寫遊戲教學文的時候,你就是在寫英文方位教科書,差別只是你的讀者想活著走到村莊。
卡住的時候問自己三個問題:
- 起點在哪裡?(用 at 或 from)
- 你要經過什麼?(用 past、through、across)
- 終點在誰旁邊?(用 next to、between、behind、in front of)
三個問題回答完,句子自己就跑出來了。
回到現實:同一批介系詞
| Minecraft 裡你說 | 日常生活中你說 |
|---|---|
| The diamonds are in the cave. | My keys are in my bag.(鑰匙在包包裡。) |
| I built a house on top of the mountain. | The book is on top of the desk.(書在桌上。) |
| The mob is behind the door. | The cat is behind the sofa.(貓在沙發後面。) |
| Run through the portal! | Walk through the park.(穿過公園。) |
| Dig down. | Go down the stairs.(走下樓梯。) |
| The creeper is towards us! | He's walking towards me.(他朝我走過來。) |
| Walk along the river. | I jog along the river every morning.(我每天早上沿著河邊慢跑。) |
同樣的介系詞,同樣的邏輯,唯一的差別是一個在螢幕裡、一個在螢幕外。你在 Minecraft 裡說 behind 的時候,腦子正在處理一個空間概念;那個概念比課本上的例句更具體,因為你是在用它逃命。
練習:描述你的 Minecraft 世界
拿一張紙,或打開備忘錄,用英文描述你的存檔。每一題都要用到至少一個介系詞片語:
- 你的房子在哪裡?(在哪種地形上、附近有什麼)
- 你的礦坑入口在哪裡?
- 你的農場在房子的哪個方向?
- 你最遠去過的地方是怎麼到達的?(經過了什麼、穿過了什麼)
- 你的箱子裡,東西是怎麼擺的?
- 你被怪物殺死的那次,怪物從哪裡冒出來的?
- 你的基地跟村莊的距離跟方位?
- 你在地獄裡蓋了什麼?在什麼位置?
- 如果有人第一次來你的世界,你怎麼教他找到你的基地?
- 你的倉庫裡,哪些東西在哪些東西上面、下面、旁邊?
示範回答:
"My house is on top of a small hill, next to a river. The entrance is on the south side, in front of a big oak tree. My mine goes down into the hill. I dug a staircase through the stone to level 12. My farm is behind the house, between the river and the hill. There's a fence around it to keep the animals in. Under my house, there's a storage room with chests along the walls. The most dangerous mob I met was a creeper that came from behind me while I was mining at level 8."
這段用了十幾個介系詞片語。你玩 Minecraft 的時候,腦袋裡想的就是這些東西,只是用中文在想。練習的重點是讓你發現:這些介系詞你本來就懂,你只需要把開關切到英文。
再給自己一個功課:打開實況(或想像你在實況),用英文講三分鐘的旁白,全程描述你在做什麼。不要停下來、不要查字典、講錯也沒關係。你會發現講出來的句子大多都有介系詞,而且都是 preposition + gerund 或地點介系詞片語。你在遊戲裡已經會了。
不用額外找時間,你下次開 Minecraft 的時候就在心裡用英文描述你在做什麼:
"I'm digging down." "There's gold ore in the wall to my left." "I'm building a bridge across the canyon." "A skeleton is shooting at me from behind a tree!"
不用說出聲,也不用打字。一開始會覺得彆扭,撐個兩三週,你會發現自己看到洞穴時,腦中冒出來的就是 "in the cave"。
那就是內化的瞬間。今天先做四句就好:四個你自己遊戲裡的動作,講給自己聽。