威威學長｜英文文法系列
"The Earth is warming. Ice caps are melting. Sea levels are rising. Many coastal cities will be underwater by 2100."
四個句子排在一起，讀者大概猜得到暖化、融冰和海平面上升有關，卻還得自己把因果接起來。
換成這樣：
"The Earth is warming. As a result, ice caps are melting and sea levels are rising. Consequently, many coastal cities will be underwater by 2100."
加上 as a result、and、consequently 這三組詞後，作者要表達的關係就寫出來了。但連接詞只能把推論標出來，不能替它提供證據。
看 TED-Ed 動畫時，也可以特別聽旁白在哪裡轉折、在哪裡補例子。這篇的英文段落是連接詞練習，不是 TED-Ed 的逐字稿；其中的科學、研究與數字未附出處，不宜直接引用為事實。
連接詞到底是什麼
這裡把 transitions / connectors 放在一起看：它們提示前後內容的關係。不過文法身分不全相同，有的是連接詞，有的是轉折副詞或介系詞，後面能接什麼、標點怎麼放，也會跟著不同。選錯一個，可能把原本的補充寫成因果，所以不能只挑看起來厲害的字。
六大類連接詞
附加（Addition）
用途：繼續補充同方向的資訊。
| 連接詞 | 語氣 |
|---|---|
| also | 最基本的「也」 |
| moreover | 正式，「而且」（比 also 更有力） |
| furthermore | 正式，「此外」（學術寫作常用） |
| in addition | 「除此之外」 |
| besides | 「再說」（口語也常用） |
示範段落：
"Octopuses have three hearts. Moreover, their blood is blue, not red. In addition, each of their eight arms has its own cluster of nerve cells (essentially a mini-brain)."
moreover 和 in addition 都在補充章魚的特徵。可以換著用，但不用為了避免重複，每句都找一個同義詞；前後關係本來就清楚的地方，也可以省略。
寫作示範：
Learning English opens doors to global communication. Moreover, it gives you access to the world's largest library of academic research. Furthermore, bilingual speakers tend to show better cognitive flexibility. Besides, it's just fun to understand songs and movies without subtitles.
對比（Contrast）
用途：轉折、提出相反或不同的觀點。
| 連接詞 | 語氣 |
|---|---|
| however | 最常用，「然而」 |
| nevertheless | 正式，「儘管如此」 |
| on the other hand | 「另一方面」 |
| although | 「雖然」（引導子句） |
| despite | 「儘管」（後面接名詞或 V-ing） |
| yet | 「但是」（比 but 更文學） |
| while | 「然而」（對比兩件事） |
示範段落：
"Honey never spoils. Archaeologists have found 3,000-year-old honey in Egyptian tombs that was still edible. However, honey does crystallize over time. Although this changes its texture, it doesn't mean the honey has gone bad. Despite popular belief, crystallized honey is perfectly safe to eat."
注意 however 用在句首，although 引導子句，despite 後面接名詞片語。三種句型都不一樣。
寫作示範：
Many people believe that money buys happiness. However, the relationship is not that simple. Although wealthier people report higher life satisfaction, the effect flattens out after a certain income level. Despite this, many still chase higher salaries at the expense of health and relationships. On the other hand, those who prioritize experiences over possessions tend to report greater long-term happiness.
因果（Cause and Effect）
用途：說明原因或結果。
| 連接詞 | 語氣 |
|---|---|
| therefore | 正式，「因此」 |
| consequently | 正式，「結果」 |
| as a result | 「因此」（比 therefore 口語一點） |
| because | 「因為」（最常用，引導原因子句） |
| since | 「因為」（比 because 輕鬆） |
| thus | 正式，「如此一來」 |
| hence | 正式，「由此可見」 |
示範段落：
"Bees are disappearing at an alarming rate. Because they pollinate roughly one-third of the food we eat, their decline could have devastating consequences. As a result, scientists are racing to understand what's causing colony collapse disorder. Therefore, protecting bees also concerns food security."
Because 後面交代原因，as a result 接研究行動，therefore 再引出保護蜜蜂的主張。讀的時候也要反問：前面的資訊足不足以支持後面的推論？有連接詞，不等於因果已經成立。
寫作示範：
Taiwan has one of the best public transportation systems in Asia. Because the government invested heavily in the MRT and high-speed rail, commuting is fast and affordable. As a result, fewer people need to own cars. Consequently, traffic congestion in major cities has decreased significantly. Thus, air quality has also improved.
順序（Sequence）
用途：標示步驟、時間順序。
| 連接詞 | 語氣 |
|---|---|
| first | 「首先」 |
| then | 「然後」 |
| next | 「接下來」 |
| finally | 「最後」 |
| meanwhile | 「與此同時」 |
| subsequently | 正式，「隨後」 |
| at the same time | 「同時」 |
示範段落：
"First, the caterpillar eats constantly for two weeks. Then, it forms a chrysalis around itself. Meanwhile, inside the chrysalis, its body is completely breaking down. Next, the cells reorganize into entirely new structures: wings, antennae, compound eyes. Finally, the butterfly emerges, wet and crumpled, and waits for its wings to dry."
注意 Meanwhile：它說的是同時發生的事，不能直接當成「下一步」。這點在寫流程時很容易混掉。
寫作示範：
First, gather all your ingredients. Then, preheat the oven to 180°C. Meanwhile, mix the flour and sugar in a large bowl. Next, add the eggs and butter. Finally, pour the batter into a pan and bake for 25 minutes.
舉例（Example）
用途：給出具體的例子來支撐論點。
| 連接詞 | 語氣 |
|---|---|
| for example | 最常用，「例如」 |
| for instance | 「舉例來說」（跟 for example 幾乎一樣） |
| such as | 「像是」（後面接名詞） |
| specifically | 「具體來說」 |
| in particular | 「特別是」 |
| to illustrate | 「為了說明」 |
示範段落：
"Many animals use camouflage to hide from predators. For example, the chameleon can change its skin color to match its surroundings. Similarly, the Arctic fox turns white in winter. Specifically, its fur changes from brown to white as daylight hours decrease. In particular, species that live in seasonal environments have evolved these remarkable adaptations."
For example 開始舉例，specifically 把內容縮到毛色變化的細節，in particular 則把注意力放在季節性環境中的物種。它們都能幫忙展開內容，但用途不完全相同。
寫作示範：
Taiwan's night market culture is world-famous. For example, the Shilin Night Market in Taipei attracts visitors from all over the world. Street foods such as stinky tofu, bubble tea, and oyster omelets have become iconic. In particular, bubble tea has gone global; you can now find it in virtually every major city. To illustrate its reach, whole chains overseas now sell it as a signature Taiwanese drink.
注意：such as 後面接名詞，不要接子句。寫 "such as stinky tofu" 是對的，寫成 "such as stinky tofu is popular" 就錯了。Similarly 屬於「相似」的標記，用來把兩個同方向的例子並排；它跟 for example 常一起出現，但功能不同：一個是「舉例」，一個是「對照著舉例」。
收束用語（Conclusion）
要把前面的討論收起來時，可以選下面的詞。一次選一個合適的就好，不用在結尾連續提醒讀者「我要總結了」。
| 連接詞 | 語氣 |
|---|---|
| in conclusion | 正式，「總之」 |
| to sum up | 「總結來說」 |
| ultimately | 「最終」 |
| in short | 「簡而言之」 |
| all in all | 「整體來說」（口語） |
| to wrap up | 「做個總結」（口語） |
| in summary | 「概括地說」 |
示範段落：
"In conclusion, octopuses are among the most remarkable creatures on Earth. All in all, their combination of intelligence, flexibility, and camouflage abilities makes them true masters of adaptation. Ultimately, studying them could help us develop everything from better robotics to new medical treatments."
寫作示範：
In short, learning English isn't about memorizing grammar rules. Ultimately, it's about communication: understanding others and being understood. All in all, the best way to improve is to use the language every day, whether through reading, speaking, or watching videos.
一段腳本拆解
下面的做夢段落也是教學示範。讀的時候先標出連接詞，再看它後面接的是步驟、例子，還是不同的解釋。
Everyone dreams. In fact, the average person spends about six years of their life dreaming. But why do we dream? First, let's look at what happens when we sleep.
When you fall asleep, your brain cycles through several stages. Initially, you enter light sleep. Then, you gradually move into deeper stages. Eventually, you reach REM sleep, the stage where most vivid dreaming occurs.
So, what's the purpose of all this? One theory is that dreams help us process emotions. For example, if you had a stressful day, you might dream about it that night. In this way, your brain is essentially filing away emotional experiences.
Another theory suggests that dreams help with memory consolidation. Specifically, during REM sleep, the brain replays and organizes information from the day. As a result, you wake up with a clearer understanding of what you learned.
However, not all scientists agree. Some believe dreams have no purpose at all; they're simply random neural activity. Despite decades of research, the question remains open.
In conclusion, we dream every night, yet we still don't fully understand why. Nevertheless, the study of dreams continues to reveal fascinating insights about how our brains work. Ultimately, whether dreams serve a function or not, they remain one of the most mysterious aspects of human consciousness.
連接詞標記
| 類型 | 出現的連接詞 |
|---|---|
| 附加 | In fact, Another theory |
| 對比 | But, However, despite, yet, nevertheless |
| 因果 | As a result |
| 順序 | First, Initially, Then, Eventually |
| 舉例 | For example, Specifically |
| 結論 | In conclusion, Ultimately |
| 其他 | So, One theory, Some, In this way |
可以試著遮住標記再讀一次：哪些地方仍然接得起來，哪些地方需要提示？這段刻意放了許多標記方便練習，自己寫作時不用照這個密度放。
段落結構
剛開始練段落，可以用這個順序檢查內容有沒有接上：
主題句（Topic Sentence）
↓
連接詞 + 支撐細節 1
↓
連接詞 + 支撐細節 2
↓
連接詞 + 舉例
↓
結論句（Closing Sentence）
主題：為什麼學英文很重要
English is one of the most important languages in the world. First, it is the most widely spoken second language. Moreover, it is the dominant language of science, technology, and international business. For example, a large share of academic journals are published in English. In addition, learning English gives you access to a vast library of online content, including news, entertainment, and education. However, learning any language requires time and dedication. Despite the challenges, the benefits are undeniable. In conclusion, investing in English is one of the smartest decisions a student can make.
範文把句子之間的關係都標出來，方便你辨認。真正在寫時，先看哪裡需要提示，再決定放不放。
選詞與標點怎麼配合
❌ "However, nevertheless, but..." 這樣把轉折詞排在一起，沒有多說什麼。✅ 選一個就好。
如果一段出現三次 moreover，先看看是不是一直在列相似的理由。換成 furthermore 或 in addition，內容並不會自動變豐富。
標點要跟著詞的文法功能走：
- 句首連接詞後面加逗號：However, I disagree.
- although, because, since 引導子句，不要在這些字後面立刻放逗號；子句在前時，可在整個子句結束後分開：Although I disagree, I understand your point.
- however, therefore 本身不能只靠逗號接起兩個獨立子句；可以用分號或另起一句：I studied hard; however, I still failed.
語氣也要看場合：
| 口語 | 正式 |
|---|---|
| but | however, nevertheless |
| so | therefore, consequently |
| also | moreover, furthermore |
| like | for example, such as |
| basically | essentially, fundamentally |
右欄通常比較正式，左欄較口語，但不是「寫作只能右邊、說話只能左邊」。而且換詞時可能要連句型一起改，不能直接把 but 全部取代成 however。
課後練習
一、選填連接詞
從詞庫中選出適合的連接詞填入空格。第 10 題可從前面的收束用語表選詞，不限詞庫。
詞庫： however, moreover, for example, as a result, in conclusion, meanwhile, although, specifically, therefore, first
- ______, let's review what we learned last week.
- She studied hard. ______, she passed the exam with flying colors.
- Taiwan has a rich food culture. ______, night markets offer hundreds of unique dishes.
- He wanted to go hiking. ______, it was raining heavily, so he stayed home.
- ______ the movie was long, it kept the audience engaged throughout.
- Many countries are investing in renewable energy. ______, solar power has become much cheaper in recent years.
- ______, we should all do our part to protect the environment.
- The team worked on the project all night. ______, the other team was celebrating their early finish.
- The traffic was terrible. ______, everyone arrived late to the meeting.
- ______, I think this is the best solution we've found so far.
答案：
- First 2. As a result 3. For example 4. However 5. Although 6. Specifically 7. In conclusion 8. Meanwhile 9. Therefore 10. In short
二、用五種連接詞寫一段
題目：寫一段關於你最喜歡的季節（至少 80 字），段落裡必須包含：一個附加連接詞（moreover, furthermore, in addition...）、一個對比連接詞（however, although, despite...）、一個因果連接詞（therefore, as a result, because...）、一個舉例連接詞（for example, such as, specifically...）、一個結論連接詞（in conclusion, to sum up, ultimately...）。
參考範例：
My favorite season is autumn. First, the weather is perfectly mild (not too hot, not too cold). Moreover, the changing leaves create stunning scenery, especially in the mountains. For example, every October, thousands of people visit places like Alishan to see the red and golden foliage. However, autumn in Taiwan is often too short. Despite its beauty, it barely lasts a month before winter arrives. Because the temperature drops gradually, it's the best season for outdoor activities like hiking and cycling. In conclusion, autumn offers the perfect combination of comfortable weather and natural beauty, making it the ideal time to explore Taiwan's outdoors.
找一部 TED-Ed 動畫，挑一小段抄下連接詞。先別急著背，旁邊註明它在補充、轉折，還是說明結果。
再挑一個自己少用的詞，寫三句話試試。讀的時候連著前一句看：如果拿掉 however 或 as a result，關係會不會變得不清楚？會，才有放它的理由。
